The FDA is requiring that the Boxed Warning for hydroxyethyl starch (HES) products (Hespan, Hextend, and Voluven) be amended to include language about the risk of renal injury, excess bleeding, and death. Based on a review of available data, the FDA identified safety signals for acute kidney injury (including a need for renal replacement therapy), coagulopathy, and mortality among surgical patients and an increased risk of acute kidney injury and death in studies involving blunt trauma patients. The FDA is recommending that HES products not be used unless adequate alternative treatment is unavailable.
Further information may be found at https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/safety-availability-biologics/labeling-changes-mortality-kidney-injury-and-excess-bleeding-hydroxyethyl-starch-products.
Use of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) products increases the risk of mortality, kidney injury, and coagulopathy.
Do not use HES products (ie, hetastarch) unless adequate alternative treatment is unavailable.
Granulocyte yield increase (Hespan) (adjunctive agent): 250 to 700 mL; Note: Citrate anticoagulant is added before use and then the mixture is administered to the input line of the centrifuge apparatus.
Plasma volume expansion: Note: Discontinue use at the first sign of renal injury. Do not use in the critically ill, those with sepsis or septic shock, those undergoing open heart surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass, or those with preexisting renal impairment.
IV: 500 to 1,000 mL once; may repeat as needed based on assessment of intravascular volume status. Doses of more than 1,500 mL/day (~20 mL/kg) are usually not required.
Avoid use in patients with preexisting renal impairment. Discontinue use at the first sign of renal injury. Not eliminated by hemodialysis.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution.
(For additional information see "Hetastarch (Hydroxyethyl starch; Hespan, Hextend): Pediatric drug information")
Note: With severe dehydration, administer crystalloid first. Dose and rate of infusion are dependent on amount of blood lost, on maintenance or restoration of hemodynamics, and on amount of hemodilution. Titrate to individual colloid needs, hemodynamics, and hydration status. Do not use in critically ill patients, those undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, or those with preexisting renal dysfunction. Critical Care Medicine societies (ACCM, SCCM) recommend against the use of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions for fluid resuscitation of severe sepsis and septic shock in neonatal and pediatric patients (ACCM [Davis 2017]; SCCM [Dellinger 2013]).
Volume expansion: Very limited data available: IV infusion: Children ≥1 year and Adolescents: 10 mL/kg/dose; dosing based on a small randomized, double-blinded study of 38 patients (age range: 1 to 15.5 years) compared hetastarch (n=20) and albumin (n=18) as a postoperative volume expander in the first 24 hours after congenital heart surgery; no differences in safety compared to albumin were found at hetastarch daily doses ≤20 mL/kg/day; patients receiving doses of 20 to 30 mL/kg/day were noted to have an increased PT; however, there was no difference in clinical bleeding; doses >30 mL/kg have not been studied (Brutocao 1996).
There are no pediatric-specific recommendation available; based on experience in adults, avoid use in patients with pre-existing renal dysfunction; use is contraindicated in renal failure with oliguria or anuria (not related to hypovolemia) and use should be discontinued at the first sign of renal injury.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in manufacturer's labeling; based on experience in adult patients, use with caution.
Refer to adult dosing.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Solution, Intravenous:
Hespan: 6% (500 mL)
Hextend: 6% (500 mL)
Generic: 6% (500 mL)
Yes
IV: Plasma volume expansion: Administer IV only; may be administered via infusion pump or pressure infusion. Administration rates vary depending upon the extent of blood loss, age, and clinical condition of patient but, in general, should not exceed 1.2 g/kg/hour (20 mL/kg/hour); however, rates up to 1,000 mL over 7 to 8 minutes via pressure infusion have been studied in otherwise healthy subjects (McIlroy 2003). Anaphylactoid reactions can occur, have epinephrine and resuscitative equipment available. If administered by pressure infusion, air should be withdrawn or expelled from bag prior to infusion to prevent air embolus. Do not administer Hextend with blood through the same administration set. Change IV tubing or flush copiously with normal saline before administering blood through the same line. Change IV tubing at least every 24 hours. Do not use if crystalline precipitate forms or is turbid deep brown.
Granulocyte yield increase: Mix Hespan and citrate well. Administer to the input line of the centrifuge apparatus at a ratio of 1:8 to 1:13 to venous whole blood.
Parenteral: Volume expansion: IV: Administer IV only; may be administered via infusion pump or pressure infusion; if administered by pressure infusion, air should be withdrawn or expelled from bag prior to infusion to prevent air embolus. Administration rates vary depending upon the extent of blood loss, age, and clinical condition of patient but, in general, should not exceed 1.2 g/kg/hour (20 mL/kg/hour) in adults. Change IV tubing or flush copiously with normal saline before administering blood through the same line. Do not administer Hextend with blood through the same administration set. Change IV tubing at least every 24 hours. Anaphylactoid reactions can occur; have epinephrine and resuscitative equipment available. Do not use if crystalline precipitate forms or is turbid deep brown.
Granulocyte yield increase (Hespan only): Adjunct in leukapheresis to improve harvesting and increase the yield of granulocytes by centrifugation.
Plasma volume expansion: Treatment of hypovolemia to expand plasma volume in settings where adequate alternative treatment is unavailable.
Hespan may be confused with heparin
The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.
Frequency not defined.
Cardiovascular: Increased plasma volume
Endocrine & metabolic: Hypervolemia, increased amylase (transient), metabolic acidosis
Hematologic & oncologic: Disorder of hemostatic components of blood (including Factor VIII deficiency, acquired von Willebrand's-like syndrome, dilutional coagulopathy), hemorrhage
Hepatic: Increased indirect serum bilirubin
Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity reaction (including anaphylaxis, angioedema, chest pain, erythema multiforme, fever, nonimmune anaphylaxis, severe hypotension, ventricular fibrillation)
Postmarketing:
Cardiovascular: Heart failure, lower extremity edema
Dermatologic: Pruritus
Gastrointestinal: Parotid gland enlargement, submaxillary gland enlargement, vomiting
Hematologic & oncologic: Anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (rare), hemolysis (rare), prolonged bleeding time
Nervous system: Headache, intracranial hemorrhage
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Myalgia
Renal: Acute kidney injury (Lagny 2016, Zarychanski 2013)
Respiratory: Flu-like symptoms, pulmonary edema
In patients when adequate alternative treatment is available.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Anaphylactoid reactions: Life-threatening anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, including death, have been reported (rarely); discontinue use immediately with signs of hypersensitivity and administer appropriate therapy. Patients allergic to corn may be allergic to hetastarch.
• Bleeding/coagulopathy: Discontinue use of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) at the first sign of coagulopathy. Not recommended for use as a cardiac bypass pump prime, while the patient is on cardiopulmonary bypass, or in the period immediately afterward. HES solutions have been associated with excess bleeding in these patients. Monitor the coagulation status in patients undergoing open heart surgery in association with cardiopulmonary bypass. May cause coagulation abnormalities in conjunction with a reversible, acquired von Willebrand-like syndrome and/or factor VIII deficiency when used over a period of days. Consider replacement therapy if a severe factor VIII deficiency is detected. Coagulopathies may take several days to resolve. When used to prevent cerebral vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (off-label use), significant clinical bleeding, intracranial bleeding, and death have been reported. Monitor the coagulation status of surgery patients due to excess bleeding with the administration of HES in this population.
• Fluid overload: Administration may cause fluid overload; use with caution in patients at risk from overexpansion of blood volume (eg, very young, elderly patients).
• Hematologic: Large volumes of hetastarch may cause a reduction in hemoglobin concentration, coagulation factors, and other plasma proteins due to hemodilution; when used for leukapheresis, frequent clinical evaluation and complete blood counts (CBC) are recommended. If leukapheresis frequency is greater than whole blood donation guidelines, consider monitoring total leukocyte and platelet counts, leukocyte differential, PT, and PTT as well. Coagulation may be impaired (eg, prolonged PT, PTT, and clotting times) and a transient prolongation of bleeding time may be observed.
Disease-related concerns:
• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment.
• Renal impairment: Avoid use in patients with preexisting renal impairment; monitor fluid status, urine output, and infusion rate; discontinue use at the first sign of renal injury. Larger hetastarch molecules may leak into urine in patients with glomerular damage; may elevate urine specific gravity. Since the need for renal replacement therapy has been reported up to 90 days after HES administration, continue to monitor renal function in all patients for at least 90 days.
• Thrombocytopenia: Use with caution in patients with thrombocytopenia; large volumes may interfere with platelet function and transiently prolong bleeding time. Observe for bleeding.
Special populations:
• Critically ill patients: Use should also be avoided in critically ill patients (Brunkhorst 2008; Perel 2012; Perner 2012). The Surviving Sepsis Campaign recommends against the use of HES solutions (ie, colloids) for fluid resuscitation in patients with sepsis or septic shock; crystalloids are recommended for initial resuscitation (Evans 2021). Avoid use in patients with preexisting renal impairment and discontinue use at the first sign of renal injury. Since the need for renal replacement therapy has been reported up to 90 days after HES administration, continue to monitor renal function in all patients for at least 90 days.
Dosage form specific issues:
• Hextend: Contains calcium, lactate and potassium; use with caution in situations where electrolyte and/or acid-base disturbances may be exacerbated (renal impairment, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic alkalosis). Do not use in leukapheresis.
Other warnings/precautions:
• Appropriate use: Not a substitute for red blood cells or coagulation factors.
Hetastarch use has been associated with acute kidney injury in pediatric patients (Reinhart 2012).
None known.
Arbekacin: Hetastarch may enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Arbekacin. Risk X: Avoid combination
Adverse events have been observed in some animal reproduction studies.
It is not known if hetastarch is present in breast milk. The manufacturer recommends that caution be exercised when administering hetastarch to breastfeeding women.
Plasma volume expansion: Assessment of intravascular volume status; BP, heart rate, urine output/renal function (continue to monitor for at least 90 days after administration); serum electrolytes; acid-base balance; hemoglobin, hematocrit, coagulation parameters (especially in surgery patients), LFTs.
Granulocyte yield increase: CBC, total leukocyte and platelet counts, leukocyte differential count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, PT, PTT.
Produces plasma volume expansion by virtue of its highly colloidal starch structure
Duration: 3 to 36 hours
Excretion: Urine (~33% within 24 hours); smaller molecular weight molecules (<50,000 daltons) rapidly excreted.
Solution (Hespan Intravenous)
6-0.9% (per mL): $0.04
Solution (Hetastarch-NaCl Intravenous)
6-0.9% (per mL): $0.04
Solution (Hextend Intravenous)
6% (per mL): $0.17
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