Introduction — This topic includes links to society and government-sponsored guidelines from selected countries and regions around the world. We will update these links periodically; newer versions of some guidelines may be available on each society's website. Some societies may require users to log in to access their guidelines.
The recommendations in the following guidelines may vary from those that appear in UpToDate topic reviews. Readers who are looking for UpToDate topic reviews should use the UpToDate search box to find the relevant content.
Links to related guidelines are provided separately. (See "Society guideline links: Thoracic and lumbar spine injury in adults" and "Society guideline links: General issues of trauma management in adults" and "Society guideline links: Thoracic trauma" and "Society guideline links: Increased intracranial pressure and moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury".)
International
●A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury (2017)
•Recommendations on the timing (≤24 hours versus >24 hours) of decompressive surgery
•Recommendations on the type and timing of anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis
•Recommendations on the type and timing of rehabilitation
•Recommendations on the use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate
Canada
●Choosing Wisely Canada: Don't order neck radiographs in patients who have a negative examination using the Canadian C-spine rules (updated 2019)
United States
●Wilderness Medical Society (WMS): Clinical practice guidelines for spinal cord protection (2019)
●American College of Radiology (ACR): ACR Appropriateness Criteria suspected spine trauma (revised 2018)
●ACR: ACR Appropriateness Criteria suspected spine trauma – Child (2018)
•Clinical assessment following acute cervical spinal cord injury
•Deep venous thrombosis and thromboembolism in patients with cervical spinal cord injuries
•Initial closed reduction of cervical spinal fracture – Dislocation injuries
•Management of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults
•Management of acute traumatic central cord syndrome (ATCCS)
•Management of isolated fractures of the atlas in adults
•Management of isolated fractures of the axis in adults
•Management of pediatric cervical spine and spinal cord injuries
•Management of vertebral artery injuries following non-penetrating cervical trauma
•Nutritional support after spinal cord injury
•Pharmacological therapy for acute spinal cord injury
•Prehospital cervical spinal immobilization after trauma
•Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA)
•Subaxial cervical spine injury classification systems
•The acute cardiopulmonary management of patients with cervical spinal cord injuries
•The diagnosis and management of traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation injuries
•Transportation of patients with acute traumatic cervical spine injuries
•Treatment of subaxial cervical spinal injuries
United Kingdom
●NICE: Guideline on spinal injury – Assessment and initial management (2016)
Australia-New Zealand
Japan
●[In Japanese] Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine (JARM): Japanese guidelines for pulmonary rehabilitation of neuromuscular disease and spinal cord injury (2014)