What is fertility? — For women, fertility means the ability to get pregnant. After some types of cancer treatment, women can have trouble getting pregnant. "Preserving fertility after cancer treatment" involves doing things before or during cancer treatment to raise a woman's chances of getting pregnant later on.

Which cancer treatments can cause fertility problems? — Cancer treatments that can cause fertility problems include:

●Chemotherapy – Chemotherapy is the medical term for medicines that kill cancer cells or stop them from growing.

●Radiation therapy – Radiation involves getting high doses of X-rays.

●Surgery – If a woman's ovaries (female sex organs) are removed, she can't get pregnant (figure 1). If a woman's uterus is removed, she can't carry a pregnancy.

Chemotherapy and radiation can damage or destroy eggs in the ovaries. As a result, women might stop having periods or have irregular periods. Also, radiation can damage the uterus, which can make it hard to carry a pregnancy.

Not everyone who gets chemotherapy or radiation will have fertility problems. With chemotherapy, it depends on the medicine and dose a person gets. With radiation, it depends on the dose and part of the body treated.

What should I do if I want to get pregnant someday? — You should let your doctor know before you start your cancer treatment. In some cases, treatment that has a lower chance of affecting future fertility might be available.

Are there other ways to preserve fertility? — Yes. Different things can be done to help women preserve their fertility.

If you are getting chemotherapy, options include:

●Embryo banking – This involves collecting eggs before you start cancer treatment. A doctor fertilizes the eggs with sperm in a lab to make embryos. An embryo is a group of cells that grow after a woman's egg and a man's sperm join together. The embryos can then be frozen and stored until they are used later on.

●Freezing and storing eggs (that are not fertilized) or tissue from your ovaries

●Taking medicines to keep your ovaries from working as well during your cancer treatment

If you are getting radiation, options include:

●Shielding the ovaries or uterus during radiation treatment – This involves wearing a special shield on the outside of your body during radiation treatment. The shield covers and protects your organs, so they aren't damaged by the radiation.

●Moving your ovaries – If your ovaries are in the path of the radiation, your doctor can perform surgery to move them slightly to keep them from getting damaged.

If you are going through both chemotherapy and radiation, all of the above might be options for you.

How do I decide which option is right for me? — The best way to preserve your fertility depends on your cancer, treatment, age, and individual situation. Talk with your doctor about your different choices. To make your decision, you might want to think about:

●The benefits and downsides of the choices

●How long they take – For example, embryo banking takes a few weeks. This could delay the start of your cancer treatment.

●How well your doctor thinks they will work

●How much they cost – For example, it costs money to collect, freeze, and store embryos. Health insurance sometimes pays for these things.

What if I still can't get pregnant? — If you still can't get pregnant after cancer treatment, you have other choices:

●You and your partner can try to have a baby using a donated egg.

●You can have another woman (called a "gestational carrier") carry a pregnancy for you.

●You might choose to adopt.

Couples can have a tough time making these decisions. You might find it helpful to talk to a counselor or go to a support group for people who are facing the same issues.

More on this topic

Patient education: Ovarian cancer (The Basics)
Patient education: Uterine cancer (The Basics)
Patient education: Breast cancer (The Basics)
Patient education: Cervical cancer (The Basics)
Patient education: Hysterectomy (The Basics)
Patient education: Absent or irregular periods (The Basics)
Patient education: Female infertility (The Basics)
Patient education: Radiation therapy (The Basics)
Patient education: Vaginal cancer (The Basics)

Patient education: Abdominal hysterectomy (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Endometrial cancer treatment after surgery (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Treatment of ovarian cancer (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Fertility preservation in early-stage cervical cancer (Beyond the Basics)