Introduction — This topic includes links to society and government-sponsored guidelines from selected countries and regions around the world. We will update these links periodically; newer versions of some guidelines may be available on each society's website. Some societies may require users to log in to access their guidelines.

The recommendations in the following guidelines may vary from those that appear in UpToDate topic reviews. Readers who are looking for UpToDate topic reviews should use the UpToDate search box to find the relevant content.

International

●The International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT): Guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients (2010)

Canada

●Choosing Wisely Canada: Don't routinely perform preoperative testing (such as chest X-rays, echocardiograms, or cardiac stress tests) for patients undergoing low risk surgeries (2018)

●Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS): Guidelines on perioperative cardiac risk assessment and management for patients who undergo noncardiac surgery (2017)

●Choosing Wisely Canada: Don't perform resting echocardiography as part of preoperative assessment for asymptomatic patients undergoing low to intermediate risk non-cardiac surgery (2017)

●Choosing Wisely Canada: Don't perform stress cardiac imaging or advanced non-invasive imaging as a pre-operative assessment in patients scheduled to undergo low-risk non-cardiac surgery (2017)

●CCS/Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society (CAS)/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS): Joint position statement on the perioperative management of patients with implanted pacemakers, defibrillators, and neurostimulating devices (2012)

United States

●Choosing Wisely: Avoid performing routine electrocardiography (ECG) screening as part of pre-operative or pre-procedural evaluations for asymptomatic patients undergoing low-risk surgical procedures (2017, updated 2019)

●Choosing Wisely: Avoid performing stress cardiac imaging or advanced non-invasive imaging as a pre-operative assessment in patients scheduled to undergo low-risk non-cardiac surgery (2012, updated 2019)

●Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)/Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS): Expert consensus statement on the perioperative management of patients with implantable defibrillators, pacemakers, and arrhythmia monitors (2011, reaffirmed 2018)

●American College of Cardiology (ACC): Expert consensus decision pathway for periprocedural management of anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (2017)

●American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS): Guidelines for the prevention and management of perioperative atrial fibrillation and flutter for thoracic surgical procedures (2014)

●ACC/American Heart Association (AHA): Guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery (2014)

●Choosing Wisely: Don't perform stress CMR as a pre-operative assessment in patients scheduled to undergo low-risk, non-cardiac surgery (2014)

●ACC/AHA: Guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk (2013)

●Choosing Wisely: Avoid cardiovascular testing for patients undergoing low-risk surgery (2013)

●Choosing Wisely: Avoid echocardiograms for preoperative/perioperative assessment of patients with no history or symptoms of heart disease (2013)

●Choosing Wisely: Don't obtain baseline diagnostic cardiac testing (trans-thoracic/esophageal echocardiography − TTE/TEE) or cardiac stress testing in asymptomatic stable patients with known cardiac disease (eg, CAD, valvular disease) undergoing low or moderate risk non-cardiac surgery (2013)

●Choosing Wisely: Patients who have no cardiac history and good functional status do not require preoperative stress testing prior to non-cardiac thoracic surgery (2013)

●AHA/American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF): Scientific statement on cardiac disease evaluation and management among kidney and liver transplantation candidates (2012)

●Choosing Wisely: Don't perform cardiac imaging as a pre-operative assessment in patients scheduled to undergo low- or intermediate- risk non-cardiac surgery (2012)

●ASA: Practice advisory for the perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices – Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, update (2011)

Europe

●European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA): Guideline on the pre-operative evaluation of adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery, update (2018)

●European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): Guidelines on perioperative medication in adult cardiac surgery (2017)

●ESC/European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA): Guidelines on non-cardiac surgery − Cardiovascular assessment and management (2014)

United Kingdom

●National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE): Guideline on perioperative care in adults (2020)

●NICE: Guideline on routine preoperative tests for elective surgery (2016)

Australia-New Zealand

●Choosing Wisely Australia: Avoid ordering cardiac stress testing for asymptomatic patients prior to undergoing low to intermediate risk non-cardiac surgery

Japan

●[In Japanese] Choosing Wisely Japan: About preoperative testing – When and when it is necessary (2018)

●[In Japanese] Choosing Wisely Japan: Preoperative examination in cardiac surgery – When necessary and when not necessary (2018)

●[In Japanese] Choosing Wisely Japan: Preoperative cardiac ultrasonography – When needed and when not needed (2018)

●[In Japanese] Choosing Wisely Japan: Echocardiography after heart valve replacement – When needed and when not needed (2018)

●[In English] Japanese Circulation Society (JCS): Guidelines for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management for noncardiac surgery, 2014 (published 2017)